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The Kedatuan of Madja-as or the Confederation of Madja-as was a pre-Hispanic Philippine state within the Visayas islands region, and was a Srivijayan colony in the Philippine Archipelago, next to the Sulu Archipelago.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, p. 120.〕 It was established by 10 leaders called Datus (Then reduced to 9, since Datu Puti, their leader, disappeared). Datus were high officials (Just rendered high-official during the invasion but before the Hindu invasion, Datus were considered co-equal Paramount Rulers of a Kedatuan). They were connected with the court of Brunei and Srivijaya, who were forced to leave that country on account of enmity with the Rajah, who was ruling the land at that time. The datus, together with their wives and children, as well as a few faithful servants and followers; monks, scholars, soldiers were secretly escorted out of the country by the Rajah's Chief Minister, whose name was Datu Puti.〔 The local folklore says that the name of the Bornean Rajah was Makatunao. They embarked on sailing rafts of the type used by the Visayans (the term used in the Malay settlements, of what is now Borneo and Philippines, to refer to Srivijayans) in Sumatra and Borneo.〔 According to tradition, which survive in the local culture of Western Visayas, this seafaring vessel is called ''Balangay'', from which ''Barangay'' - the smallest social unit in the present-day Philippines - came from. The semi-democratic confederation or Kedatuan reached its peak during the 15th century under the leadership of Datu Padojinog when it warred against the Chinese Empire and the sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao and even against the Bruneian Empire. It was also feared by the people of the Kingdom of Maynila and Tondo.〔Prehispanic Source Materials Page 74 by William Henry Scott (NEW DAY PUBLISHERS INC.)〕 It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.〔In Panay, the existence of highly developed and independent principalities of Ogtong (Oton) and Araut (Dumangas) was well known to early Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The Augustinian historian Gaspar de San Agustin, for example, wrote about the existence of an ancient and illustrious nobility in Araut, in his book ''Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)''. He said: ''"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla."'' Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., ''Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615)'', Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374-375.〕 Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the artifacts found in pre-Hispanic tombs from many parts of the island, which are now in display at Iloilo Museum. There are also recent discoveries of burial artifacts of eight-foot inhabitants of Isla de Gigantes, including extra-large ''Lungon'' (wooden coffins) and pre-Hispanic potteries.〔https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=491869557572311&set=a.216088591817077.50089.112008012225136&type=1&theater〕 Another testimony of the antiquity of this civilization is the longest and oldest epic in the region, the Hinilawod. ==Origin== According to ancient legends recorded by early Spanish missionaries in the Philippines,〔cf. Francisco Colin, S.J., ''Labor evangélica'', Madrid:1663.〕 the inhabitants of Panay island were originally from North Sumatra; especially from the state of Pannai of which Panay is named after it (i and y being interchangeable in Spanish) as well as a shortening of the Ati word, "Ananipay". The state of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Sri-Vijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca. The small kingdom traded-with and simultaneously repulsed any unlicensed Chinese, Indian or Arab navies that often warred in or pirated the strait of Malacca and for a small country, they were adept at taking down armadas larger than itself, a difficult en-devour to achieve in the strait of Malacca which was among the world's most hotly-contested maritime choke-point, where today one half of world trade passes through it. They were successful in policing and defending the straights of Malacca for the Mandala of Sri-Vijaya until the Chola invasion of Srivijaya occurred, wherein a surprise attack from behind, originating from the occupied capital, rendered the militant-state of Pannai vulnerable from an unprotected assault from the back flank. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the state of Pannai and its surviving soldiers, royals and scholars were said to have been secreted-out eastwards. In their 450 years of occupying Sumatra, they refused to be enslaved to Islam, Taoism or Hinduism after the state's dissolution. The people who stayed behind in Pannai, themselves, have an oral tradition wherein the high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai, "fled to other islands." 〔 This oral account in Sumatra resonates the local account in the Visayan island of Panay, recorded in the Maragtas (book) and popularly known as the journey of the ten Datus from Borneo. It is good to note that the word "''maragtas''" in the Hiligaynon language means "history". Most probably, these high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai as well as the Datus and their famlies, have gone to some parts of Borneo before finally reaching and deciding to settle in the Visayan Island, which later took the name of their original home. The local Panay tradition recounts that sailing northward from Borneo along the coast of Palawan, the ten Datus from Borneo crossed the intervening sea, and reached the island of Panay. They landed at the point, which is near the present town of San Joaquin. They had been able to reach the place directly because their small fleet was piloted by a sailor who had previously visited these regions on a ship engaged in commerce and trade.〔 Soon after the expedition had landed, the Borneans came in contact with the native people of the island, who were called Atis. Some writers have interpreted these ''Atis'' as ''Negritos'', other sources present evidence that they were not at all a dwarfed primitive people of ''Negrito'' type, but were rather tall, dark-skinned Indonesian type. These native ''Atis'' lived in villages of fairly well-constructed houses. They possessed drums and other musical instruments, as well as a variety of weapons and personal adornments, which were much superior to those known among the ''Negritos''.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 120-121.〕 Negotiations were conducted between the newcomers and the native ''Atis'' for the possession of a wide area of land along the coast, centering around the place called ''Andona'', at a considerable distance from the original landing place. Some of the gifts of the Visayans in exchange of those lands are spoken of as being, first, a string of gold beads so long that it touched the ground when worn and, second, a salakot, or native hat covered with gold.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, p. 121.〕 The term (which survive in the present Hiligaynon language) for that necklace is ''Manangyad'', from the Hiligaynon term ''sangyad'', which means "touching the ground when worn". There were also a variety of many beads, combs, as well as pieces of cloth for the women and fancifully decorated weapons (Treaty-Blades) for the men. The sale was celebrated by a feast of friendship between the newcomers and the natives, following which the latter formally turned over possession of the settlement.〔 Afterwards a great religious ceremony and sacrifice was performed in honor of the settlers' ancient gods, by the priest whom they had brought with them from Borneo.〔 Following the religious ceremony, the priest indicated that it was the will of the gods that they should settle not at ''Andona'', but rather at a place some distance to the east called ''Malandog'' (now a Barangay in Hamtik, Province of Antique, where there was both much fertile agricultural land and an abundant supply of fish in the sea. After nine days, the entire group of newcomers was transferred to ''Malandog''. At this point, Datu Puti announced that he must now return to Borneo. He appointed Datu Sumakwel, the oldest, wisest and most educated of the datus, as chief of the Panayan settlement.〔 Not all the Datus, however, remained in Panay. Two of them, with their families and followers, set out with Datu Puti and voyaged northward. After a number of adventures, they arrived at the bay of Taal, which was also called Lake Bombon on Luzon. Datu Puti returned to Borneo by way of Mindoro and Palawan, while the rest settled in Lake Taal.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 121-122.〕 The descendants of the Datus who settled by Lake Taal spread out in two general directions: one group settling later around Laguna de Bay, and another group pushing southward into the Bicol Peninsula. A discovery of an ancient tomb preserved among the Bicols refers to some of the same gods and personages mentioned in a Panayan manuscript examined by anthropologists during the 1920s.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, p. 122.〕 The original Panayan settlements continued to grow and later split up into three groups: one of which remained in the original district (Irong-irong), while another settled at the mouth of Aklan River in northern Panay. The third group moved to the district called Hantik. These settlements continued to exist down to the time of the Spanish regime and formed centers, around which the later population of the three provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique grew up.〔 The early Bornean settlers in Panay were not only seafaring. They were also a riverine people.They were very keen in exploring their rivers. In fact, this was one of the few sports they loved so much.〔Cf. Sebastian Sta. Cruz Serag, ''The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation'', Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, 1991, p. 21.〕 The Island's oldest and longest epic Hinilawod recounts legends of its heroes' adventures and travels along the Halaud River. An old manuscript ''Margitas'' of uncertain date (discovered by the anthropologist H. Otley Beyer)〔Scott, William Henry, ''Pre-hispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History'', 1984: New Day Publishers, pp. 101, 296.〕 give interesting details about the laws, government, social customs, and religious beliefs of the early Visayans, who settled Panay within the first half of the 13th century.〔 The term ''Visayan'' was first applied only to them and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. In fact, even at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term ''Visayan'' only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados.〔''"... and because I know them better, I shall start with the island of Cubu and those adjacent to it, the Pintados.Thus I may speak more at length on matters pertaining to this island of Luzon and its neighboring islands..."'' BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). ''The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803'', Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583), p. 35.〕 The name ''Visayan'' was later extended to them because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.〔G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, ''A History of the Orient'', Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.〕 This fact indicates that the ancient people of Panay called themselves as Visayans, for the Spaniards would have otherwise simply referred to them as "people of the Panay". This self-reference as Visayans manifests a strong sign of their identification with the precursor civilization of the Srivijayan Empire. Grabiel Ribera, captain of the Spanish royal infantry in the Philippine Islands, also distinguished Panay from the rest of the Pintados Islands. In his report (dated 20 March 1579) regarding a campaign to pacify the natives living along the rivers of Mindanao (a mission he received from Dr. Francisco de Sande, Governor and Captain-General of the Archipelago), Ribera mentioned that his aim was to make the inhabitants of that island "''vassals of King Don Felipe... as are all the natives of the island of Panay, the Pintados Islands, and those of the island of Luzon...''" 〔Cf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1911). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 04 of 55 (1493-1803). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 257-260.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kedatuan of Madja-as」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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